COP31峰會領袖敦促危機纏身的世界加速氣候行動

作者：賽門・傑索普（Simon Jessop）、圖凡・古姆魯克居（Tuvan Gumrukcu）By Simon Jessop and Tuvan Gumrukcu

路透土耳其安塔利亞11月9日電——COP31領袖週一在土耳其展開年度聯合國氣候大會時，敦促世界加速對抗全球暖化。這場會議登場之際，全球氣溫上升，氣候驅動的災害也日益惡化。ANTALYA, Turkey, Nov 9 (Reuters) - Leaders of COP31 urged the world to accelerate the fight against global warming as they began their annual UN climate conference in Turkey on Monday against a backdrop of rising temperatures and worsening climate-driven disasters.

在土耳其地中海沿岸城市安塔利亞展開為期兩週的辯論之際，聯合國與各國政府領袖強調，氣候議題正與戰爭、飆升的通膨以及人工智慧帶來的不確定性等其他國際危機爭奪關注，因此有必要把焦點放在氣候上。Kicking off two weeks of debate at Antalya on Turkey's Mediterranean coast, UN and government leaders emphasised the need to focus on climate as it competes for attention with other international crises, including war, soaring inflation and the uncertainties caused by artificial intelligence.

聯合國氣候變化綱要公約執行秘書賽門・史提爾表示：「此刻的急迫性必須推動我們向前。」他並補充說，目前為止的進展「遠遠不夠快」。"The urgency of this moment must drive us forward," UN Climate Change Executive Secretary Simon Stiell said, adding progress so far was "nowhere near fast enough".

聯合國環境規劃署10月發布的一份報告指出，全球已勢將超過攝氏1.5度（華氏2.7度）的暖化幅度；這項門檻是在2015年巴黎氣候峰會設定。報告並呼籲大幅削減排放。A report by the United Nations Environment Programme published in October said the world was already poised to overshoot 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 degrees Fahrenheit) of warming, a threshold set at the 2015 Paris climate summit, and called for steep emissions cuts.

COP31馬紹爾群島氣候特使、同時也是大洋洲區域特使的蒂娜・史蒂格（Tina Stege）表示，現在採取行動至關重要。Tina Stege, COP31 climate envoy for the Marshall Islands and regional envoy for Oceania, said acting now was essential.

她告訴記者：「對太平洋島國而言，這不是關於氣溫目標的抽象討論。這關乎人民、關乎社群，也關乎我們稱之為家園的地方。」"For Pacific Island countries, this is not an abstract discussion about temperature targets. It's about people, it's about communities, it is about the places we call home," she told reporters.

聯合國週一公布的一份報告顯示，強烈的聖嬰現象加劇全球暖化的影響，今年可望成為有紀錄以來最熱的四個年份之一。今年西歐各地出現一連串極端熱浪，尼泊爾也發生冰河崩塌。由此引發的洪水造成超過1,450人死亡，另有數千人仍下落不明。This year is on track to be one of the four hottest on record, as a powerful El Nino has compounded the impact of global warming, a UN report showed on Monday. The year has been marked by a series of extreme heatwaves across Western Europe and a glacier collapse in Nepal. The resulting flood killed more than 1,450 people and left thousands more still missing.

推動電氣化的目標A GOAL TO ELECTRIFY

土耳其總統塔伊普・艾爾段（Tayyip Erdogan）表示，他希望作為會議主辦國的土耳其能交出具體成果。Turkish President Tayyip Erdogan said he hoped Turkey as the conference host could deliver tangible results.

艾爾段辦公室週一分享的談話逐字稿顯示，艾爾段在從亞塞拜然返程的班機上告訴記者：「我們的目標，是讓這場峰會成為一個產出具體成果的平台，讓各國把承諾化為行動，因為現在已經不是提出停留在紙面上承諾的時候。」"Our goal is to make this summit a platform where concrete results are produced, where countries turn their pledges into action, because it is no longer time to make promises that remain on paper," Erdogan told reporters on a return flight from Azerbaijan, according to a transcript of his comments shared by his office on Monday.

COP31主席團把今年氣候談判的焦點放在一項目標上：到2035年，將全球經濟電氣化的比重從目前約五分之一提高到三分之一以上。主席團正要求各國簽署支持該目標的承諾。The COP31 presidency has focused this year's climate talks on a goal to electrify more than a third of the global economy by 2035, up from around a fifth today. It is asking nations to sign a pledge supporting that target.

理論上，這可透過加速全球淘汰以化石燃料驅動的車輛、暖爐、鍋爐、爐具及其他排放溫室氣體的設備，減少使地球升溫的排放。Theoretically, it could reduce planet-warming emissions by speeding the global shift away from fossil fuel-powered vehicles, furnaces, boilers, cooking stoves, and other greenhouse gas-emitting equipment.

土耳其籍COP31主席庫魯姆表示：「我們希望人們在日常生活中感受到氣候談判的成果：在耗能更低的建築、乾淨的大眾運輸、他們負擔得起的能源，以及新的就業機會之中。」"We want people to feel the results of climate talks in daily life: in buildings that use less energy, in clean public transport, in energy they can afford and in new jobs," Turkey's COP31 President Murat Kurum said.

但氣候倡議人士批評這項電氣化承諾，因為它並未要求新增電力必須來自低碳來源，因而為單靠電氣化是否應被視為氣候進展，埋下早期爭議。But climate advocates have criticised the electrification pledge because it does not require the additional electricity to come from low-carbon sources, setting up an early fight over whether electrification alone should count as climate progress.

戰爭擾亂化石燃料WARS HAVE DISRUPTED FOSSIL FUELS

美國與以色列對伊朗的戰爭，以及俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭，凸顯持續依賴化石燃料的經濟後果；與供應中斷相關的高價已推升通膨。The US-Israeli war with Iran and Russia's invasion of Ukraine have highlighted the economic consequences of continued dependency on fossil fuels as high prices linked to disruption have driven inflation higher.

雖然氣候運動人士表示，顯而易見的解方是提高再生能源使用，但石油與天然氣產業獲利豐厚，一些擁有國內化石燃料蘊藏的國家也尋求增加產量。While climate campaigners say the obvious solution is to increase use of renewable power, the oil and gas industry has made big profits and some countries that have domestic reserves of fossil fuel have sought to increase output.

美國總統川普（Donald Trump）政府已連續第二年不出席氣候談判；該政府鼓勵採取使石油、天然氣和煤炭產量最大化的政策，以因應這些擾亂。US President Donald Trump's administration — which is staying away from the climate talks for the second year running — has encouraged policies maximising oil, gas, and coal production to address the disruptions.

南韓、印度、泰國和其他亞洲國家已提高對煤炭的依賴，或採取措施擴大燃煤發電。South Korea, India, Thailand and other Asian nations have increased their reliance on coal or taken steps to boost coal-fired power generation.

哈佛大學的約翰・霍德倫（John Holdren）說：「許多過去可能會因主張繼續大量使用化石燃料而感到難為情的人，現在覺得更有底氣提出這種說法。」霍德倫曾在巴拉克・歐巴馬（Barack Obama）擔任美國總統時出任科學顧問。"A lot of people who previously might have been embarrassed to argue for continuing very high use of fossil fuel are now feeling empowered to make that case," said John Holdren of Harvard University, who was a science adviser to Barack Obama when he was US president.

儘管如此，在中國廉價乾淨科技出口帶動下，再生能源部署仍然增加。Still, the deployment of renewable energy has risen, driven by exports of cheap clean tech from China.

史提爾在大會上表示，再生能源顯然是提升能源安全的答案。Stiell told the conference renewables were the clear answer to improving energy security.

他說：「今年化石燃料成本混亂已帶來全球震波，重創家庭，並像癌症一樣擴散通膨。」"This year's fossil fuel cost chaos has delivered a global shockwave, hitting households hard and spreading inflation like a cancer," he said.

他並說：「但解方很明確。」他表示，再生能源裝置已為全球經濟節省數千億美元。"But the solutions are clear," he added, saying renewable energy installations had already saved the global economy hundreds of billions of dollars.

人工智慧快速普及也使談判更加複雜，因為這正推升全球電力需求，並造成溫室氣體排放增加。The rapid rollout of AI is also complicating talks as it drives global power demand higher and contributes to rising greenhouse gas emissions.

土耳其將在COP31呼籲各國政府、企業及其他機構簽署一項承諾，列出確保人工智慧以永續方式開發與部署的原則。Turkey will call on governments, businesses and other institutions at COP31 to sign a pledge outlining principles to ensure AI is developed and deployed sustainably.

（Ezgi Erkoyun、Tuvan Gumrukcu、Valerie Volcovici、Simon Jessop、Sarah McFarlane採訪；Richard Valdmanis撰稿；David Gregorio、Kate Mayberry、Jan Harvey、Barbara Lewis編輯）(Reporting by Ezgi Erkoyun, Tuvan Gumrukcu, Valerie Volcovici, Simon Jessop, and Sarah McFarlane; Writing by Richard Valdmanis; Editing by David Gregorio, Kate Mayberry, Jan Harvey and Barbara Lewis)