土耳其村民要求COP31領袖親眼看看煤炭造成的破壞

作者：阿里・庫楚克戈奇門（Ali Kucukgocmen）By Ali Kucukgocmen

土耳其伊基茲科伊11月8日（路透社）——地方官員內伊拉・伊希克（Nejla Isik）是住在煤礦旁的村民之一。這些村民要求前來土耳其參加COP31氣候會談的世界領袖離開會場，親自查看數十年褐煤開採造成的破壞。IKIZKOY, Turkey, Nov 8 (Reuters) - Local official Nejla Isik is among the villagers living beside a coal mine who demand that world leaders gathering in Turkey for COP31 climate talks leave the conference venue to inspect the devastation decades of lignite extraction have caused.

這場聯合國會議自週一開始，將持續至11月20日，地點在土耳其地中海沿岸的安塔利亞；其中一項主題是轉向更潔淨能源。Beginning on Monday, the transition to cleaner energy will be among the themes at the UN conference that continues until November 20 in Antalya on Turkey's Mediterranean coast.

伊希克是她所在社區的民選官員。她說，各國政府領袖與聯合國官員需要往西走數百公里，到土耳其西南部穆拉省阿克貝倫森林附近的伊基茲科伊，親眼看看煤炭對自然與民眾生活的影響。Isik, an elected official for her community, says the government leaders and UN officials need to head a few hundred kilometres west to Ikizkoy, near the Akbelen forest in Turkey's southwestern Mugla province, and see for themselves the impact of coal on nature and on people's lives.

多年來，村民一直抗議煤礦開採，並因此遭罰款與逮捕。Villagers, who for years have protested against coal mining, have been fined and arrested.

伊希克說：「那些國家元首應該來這裡。他們不該去安塔利亞，而是應該來阿克貝倫、來伊基茲科伊。」她位於伊基茲科伊的家，就在一座褐煤礦後方僅數百公尺處；這座煤礦數十年來不斷擴張，逐漸逼近。褐煤是等級最低的煤，這意味著燃燒褐煤釋放的二氧化碳，比燃燒能源密度較高的煤還多。"They should come here, those heads of state. They should come not to Antalya but to Akbelen, to Ikizkoy," said Isik. Her home in Ikizkoy is only a few hundred metres behind a lignite mine that has crept nearer over decades of expansion. Lignite is the lowest grade of coal, meaning burning it releases higher amounts of carbon dioxide than more energy-dense coal.

推動電氣化，但會是綠色電力嗎？ELECTRIFICATION, BUT WILL IT BE GREEN?

目前COP31的主要目標之一，是就提高電氣化程度達成自願性目標；這項目標由地主國土耳其提出。但除非電力屬於低碳來源，否則無法遏止導致地球暖化的排放。So far one of the prominent aims of COP31 is to agree a voluntary goal on increasing electrification, proposed by host country Turkey, but unless the electricity is low-carbon it will not curb planet-warming emissions.

能源智庫Ember表示，去年煤炭是土耳其最大電力來源，占全國發電量34%，使土耳其成為歐洲最大的燃煤發電國。根據營運商網站，阿克貝倫地區的煤礦供應發電廠用煤，這些電廠的發電量略高於土耳其全國電力的2%。Last year, coal was Turkey's largest electricity source, generating 34% of the country's power, making Turkey Europe's biggest coal-fired electricity generator, according to energy think tank Ember. The mines in the Akbelen area provide coal for plants that generate just over 2% of Turkey's power, according to the operator's website.

伊希克等反對擴大褐煤開採的村民與環保倡議人士表示，褐煤開採已摧毀森林，並威脅橄欖園、農地與社區。Villagers and environmental campaigners like Isik, who oppose the expansion of lignite mining, say it has destroyed forest and threatens olive groves, farmland and communities.

反煤抗爭帶來嚴酷後果。伊希克26歲的女兒伊斯拉，在一次反對為採礦而計畫徵收土地的抗議後，被審前羈押42天。法院7月以抗拒公務人員為由判她2年徒刑。她目前在等待上訴裁定期間獲釋。The fight against coal has had harsh consequences. Isik's 26-year-old daughter Esra spent 42 days in pretrial detention after a protest against the planned expropriation of land for mining. A court in July sentenced her to two years in prison for resisting public officials. She is free pending the decision of an appeal.

伊斯拉・伊希克說：「這項懲罰不只是施加在我身上。這是在試圖懲罰這個國家所有挺身捍衛自身權利、土地與村莊的人。」"This punishment was not just handed to me. It was an attempt to punish everyone in this country who stands up for their rights, their land and their village," Esra Isik said.

多年來，她的母親一直抗議村莊周邊煤礦擴張。Her mother has for years protested against the expansion of coal mining around her village.

內伊拉・伊希克說：「40年來，我們一直在煤炭步步緊逼下生活。我試著在這裡，伴著煤炭的氣息、煤炭的髒污生活。」“For 40 years we’ve been living with coal breathing down our necks. I try to live here with the breath of coal, with the dirt of coal,” Nejla Isik said.

這些煤炭供應附近的耶尼科伊與凱梅爾科伊發電廠，兩座電廠由耶尼科伊—凱梅爾科伊能源公司營運；該公司是由利馬克（Limak）與IC Ictas參與的合資企業。The coal supplies the nearby Yenikoy and Kemerkoy power plants, operated by Yenikoy-Kemerkoy Energy, a joint venture involving Limak and IC Ictas.

利馬克拒絕就本文發表評論。IC Ictas未回應置評請求。Limak declined to comment for this story. IC Ictas did not respond to a request for comment.

能源部長阿爾帕斯蘭・拜拉克塔爾（Alparslan Bayraktar）週四與外國媒體會面時表示，土耳其正推動向更潔淨能源的公正轉型，但因這些礦場雇用數千人，轉型並不容易。At a meeting with foreign media on Thursday, Energy Minister Alparslan Bayraktar said Turkey was working on a just transition to cleaner energy, but that it was difficult as the mines employ thousands of people.

他表示，核能提供最可行的替代方案，安卡拉目標是在2040年前達到10吉瓦核能發電裝置容量。根據路透社計算，這大致相當於目前的燃煤發電產量。He said nuclear energy offered the most viable alternative and Ankara was aiming for 10 gigawatts of nuclear generation capacity by 2040. That would equate roughly to current coal-powered production, according to Reuters calculations.

土耳其對抗議活動的限制RESTRICTIONS ON PROTESTS IN TURKEY

人權組織已對土耳其限制抗議活動表達關切，包括全面禁止示威、大規模拘留，以及他們所稱的不成比例使用武力。Rights groups have raised concerns about restrictions on protests in Turkey, including blanket bans on demonstrations, mass detentions and what they say is the disproportionate use of force.

人權觀察（Human Rights Watch）在10月一份報告中表示，土耳其當局在阿克貝倫及國內其他地區任意逮捕並起訴環保抗議人士。報告稱，安全部隊強行驅散非暴力示威，抗議者、律師與記者則面臨非法集會、妨礙公務、非法侵入與散布不實資訊等指控。Human Rights Watch said in an October report that Turkish authorities had arbitrarily arrested and prosecuted environmental protesters in Akbelen and other parts of the country. It said security forces forcibly dispersed non-violent demonstrations and protesters, lawyers and journalists faced charges such as illegal assembly, obstructing public officials, trespass and spreading false information.

人權觀察歐洲與中亞助理研究員德尼茲・拜拉姆（Deniz Bayram）說：「在土耳其即將主辦年度聯合國氣候變遷峰會之際，其對環保運動的打壓，鮮明提醒世人土耳其無法容忍異議。」“With Turkey about to host the annual UN climate change summit, its environmental crackdown is a salient reminder of its intolerance of dissent,” said Deniz Bayram, assistant Europe and Central Asia researcher at Human Rights Watch.

政府表示，當示威活動違法或威脅公共秩序時，警方才會介入。內政部與司法部未就本文發表評論。The government says police intervene when demonstrations are unlawful or threaten public order. The interior ministry and justice ministry did not comment for this story.

阿克貝倫周邊爭議在2023年伐木恢復後升高。村民表示，安全部隊對試圖進入森林的示威者使用水砲與胡椒噴霧，之後還有其他懲罰接踵而來。The dispute around Akbelen intensified in 2023 when tree-felling resumed. Villagers say security forces used water cannon and pepper spray on demonstrators seeking to enter the forest and that other punishments followed.

內伊拉・伊希克說：「我們遭到水砲、胡椒瓦斯、拘留，什麼都來了。後來，因為我們沒有放棄這片區域、這個村莊，就出現罰款；一年後，他們又對我們提起訴訟。」“We were subjected to water cannon, pepper gas, detention, everything,” Nejla Isik said. “Afterwards, because we didn’t abandon this area, this village, there were fines, and a year later cases were opened against us.”

另一名居民哈桑・約魯爾馬茲表示，抗議者為阻止松樹遭砍伐而遊行時，士兵擋住了他們的去路。Hasan Yorulmaz, another resident, said protesters had marched to stop pine trees being cut down when soldiers blocked their path.

他說：「他們對男女、老少都使用胡椒噴霧。即便如此，我們仍持續抵抗。我站在最前面，他們把我帶走並拘留。」“They used pepper spray on women and men, young and old,” he said. “Despite that, we continued the resistance. I was at the front and they took me away and detained me.”

（阿里・庫楚克戈奇門與穆罕默德・埃明・恰勒什坎（Mehmet Emin Caliskan）報導；達倫・巴特勒（Daren Butler）撰稿；芭芭拉・路易斯（Barbara Lewis）編輯）(Reporting by Ali Kucukgocmen and Mehmet Emin Caliskan: Writing by Daren Butler; Editing by Barbara Lewis)