瑞士中立立場支持者在放寬武器出口公投中挑戰軍火業

作者：約翰・雷維爾（John Revill）By John Revill

蘇黎世，11月9日（路透社）——瑞士選民將於11月29日決定是否阻擋一項放寬武器出口限制的法案；這場公投引發外界對瑞士不斷演變的中立傳統的疑問，且遭軍火產業強烈反對。ZURICH, Nov 9 (Reuters) - Swiss voters will decide on November 29 whether to block a bill relaxing curbs on weapons exports, in a referendum that raises questions about Switzerland's evolving neutral tradition and is strongly opposed by the arms industry.

瑞士遵循1907年《海牙公約》（1907 Hague Conventions）的中立規範；除非自身受到直接威脅，否則不得參與武裝衝突，也不得向任何一方提供軍事支援。Switzerland follows the 1907 Hague Conventions on neutrality, which prevent it participating in armed conflicts unless directly threatened, or providing military support to any of the parties.

然而，這項在冷戰期間大致維持不變的立場，自俄羅斯（Russia）2022年全面入侵烏克蘭（Ukraine）以來已開始轉變；該事件促使瑞士深化與歐洲夥伴及跨大西洋的北大西洋公約組織（NATO）聯盟之間的防務關係。Yet a stance that largely held throughout the Cold War has begun to change since Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022 prompted Switzerland to deepen its defence ties with European partners and the transatlantic NATO alliance.

民調顯示，這場由社會民主黨、綠黨等左翼政黨聯盟提出的公投，結果難以預料。Polls suggest the referendum, proposed by a coalition of left-wing parties including Social Democrats, the Greens and others, could go either way.

一些右翼人士也與瑞士人民黨（SVP）分道揚鑣，轉而反對這項修正案；在公投舉行前，修正案不能生效。Some right-wingers have also split from the Swiss People's Party (SVP) to oppose the amendment, which cannot come into force until the referendum is held.

中立國家能否向交戰國輸送武器？CAN A NEUTRAL COUNTRY SEND WEAPONS TO A NATION AT WAR?

左派社會民主黨議員法比安・莫利納（Fabian Molina）表示：「未來，瑞士戰爭物資在某些情況下可能會被轉交給交戰國。那將違反中立。」"In future, Swiss war material could in certain cases be passed to belligerent states," said Fabian Molina, a lawmaker for the leftist Social Democrats. "That would violate neutrality."

這項修正案旨在允許向36個西方國家運送武器，即使這些國家正捲入武裝衝突亦然，但不得將這些武器用於相關衝突。不過，烏克蘭並不包括在內。The amendment is intended to allow arms shipments to 36 Western countries, even if they are involved in active armed conflicts, albeit not for use in those conflicts. Ukraine is not included, however.

修正案也取消各國採購時必須簽署不得再出口聲明的要求。It also scraps a requirement for countries to sign a non-re-export declaration upon purchase.

瑞士政府此前曾阻止多國將先前購買的瑞士製彈藥和戰鬥車輛送往烏克蘭；隨後德國將瑞士企業排除在採購合約之外，丹麥和荷蘭則停止下單。Bern had blocked several countries from sending previously purchased Swiss-made ammunition and combat vehicles to Ukraine, and Germany subsequently excluded Swiss firms from procurement deals, while Denmark and the Netherlands halted orders.

不過，這項修正案不適用於依先前條件購買的武器，也不適用於購買時即打算立刻轉交第三方的武器，因此烏克蘭仍被排除在外。The amendment would, however, not apply to weaponry bought on the previous terms, or bought with the intention of immediately sending it to a third party - thus still excluding Ukraine.

中間黨（Centre Party）議員雷托・瑙澤（Reto Nause）表示，這項法律需要全面修訂，以反映更加危險的國際環境。Centre Party lawmaker Reto Nause said the law needed to be overhauled to reflect a more dangerous international environment.

他說：「我們正面臨自第二次世界大戰以來未見的威脅程度。能夠自我防衛的一環，是擁有本土軍火產業、具備一定生產能力，最重要的是掌握關鍵技術的專業知識。」"We're facing a level of threat we haven't seen since the Second World War," he said. "Part of being able to defend yourself is having a domestic arms industry, having some production capacity and above all know-how in key technologies."

瑙澤表示，不得再出口聲明會讓北約國家卻步，不願購買瑞士軍備，因為它們希望在聯盟遭受攻擊時能夠共享武器。The non-re-export declaration would deter NATO countries from buying Swiss armaments because they wanted to be able to share weapons if the alliance was attacked, Nause said.

受影響的製造商包括德國萊茵金屬（Rheinmetall）——該公司在瑞士建造反無人機防禦系統——法國國防集團泰雷茲（Thales）、小型武器製造商西格紹爾（SIG Sauer），以及其他100多家公司。The affected manufacturers include Germany's Rheinmetall, which builds anti-drone defence systems in Switzerland, French defence group Thales, small-arms maker SIG Sauer, and more than 100 other companies.

瑞士躋身全球前20大武器出口國SWITZERLAND AMONG TOP 20 ARMS EXPORTERS

根據斯德哥爾摩國際和平研究所（Stockholm International Peace Research Institute）的資料，瑞士在過去10年是全球第17大武器出口國。Switzerland was the world's 17th-largest arms exporter over the past 10 years, according to data from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.

該產業雇用1萬4000人，去年出口額約為11.5億美元。The sector employs 14,000 people and last year, its exports were worth around $1.15 billion.

製造商擔心，若法律不修正，產業將前景堪憂；他們主張，國內市場太小，而其支持者則表示，另有15萬4000個工作機會來自生產「軍民兩用」產品的企業。Manufacturers fear for the future if the law is not amended, arguing that the domestic market is too small, and their supporters say there are another 154,000 jobs in companies making "dual use" products - for military or civilian purposes.

代表業界的瑞士航空、安全暨國防協會（Swiss Aeronautics, Security and Defence Association）秘書長馬蒂亞斯・佐勒（Matthias Zoller）表示：「這是決定性的，對瑞士軍火產業的未來而言，真的就是『可行』或『不可行』。」"This is decisive, it's really 'go' or 'no go' for the future of the Swiss arms industry," said Matthias Zoller, general secretary of the Swiss Aeronautics, Security and Defence Association, which represents the industry.

他說，瑞士擁有自己的軍備產業至關重要；但若出口受到過度限制，製造商可能乾脆遷往海外。He said it was crucial for Switzerland to have its own armaments industry but, if exports were excessively restricted, manufacturers could simply move abroad.

他表示，若瑞士再也無法向海外出售武器，在向其他國家採購新系統，甚至零組件時，可能會預期被排到隊伍最後面。And if Switzerland could no longer sell arms abroad, it could expect to go to the back of the line for buying new systems or even components from other countries, he said.

綠黨議員格哈德・安德雷（Gerhard Andrey）表示，放棄掌控瑞士武器流向「不是中立的選擇」；他並指出，儘管有這些限制，去年出口額仍僅略低於歷史新高。Green Party lawmaker Gerhard Andrey said ceding control of where Swiss arms go was "not a neutral choice", and noted that exports were just below record level last year, despite the restrictions.

社會民主黨青年翼領袖米里亞姆・霍斯特曼（Mirjam Hostetmann）表示，放寬這項法律可能導致瑞士武器越來越常被用於內戰，或被流氓政府使用。Mirjam Hostetmann, leader of the youth wing of the Social Democrats, said relaxing the law could lead to Swiss weapons increasingly being used in civil wars or by rogue governments.

她說：「相信更多武器會保障更多和平，是一種幻想。除了軍火產業外，沒有人會因這些變動而受益。」"It's an illusion to believe that more weapons will guarantee more peace," she said. "Nobody benefits from these changes apart from the arms industry."

（約翰・雷維爾採訪；凱文・利菲（Kevin Liffey）編輯）(Reporting by John Revill; Editing by Kevin Liffey)