美國最高法院放行川普在德州大彎曲國家公園興建邊境牆

作者：Andrew ChungBy Andrew Chung

11月9日（路透）——美國最高法院週一為總統唐納・川普（Donald Trump）政府開綠燈，准許其在德州西部偏遠地區的美墨邊境沿線推進屏障興建工程；該地區包括大彎曲國家公園。此舉將加速推動川普長期以來的優先事項之一。Nov 9 (Reuters) - The US Supreme Court gave President Donald Trump's administration the green light on Monday to proceed with the construction of barriers along the US-Mexico border in a remote region in West Texas that includes Big Bend National Park, fast-tracking one of his longstanding priorities.

法院批准政府的緊急請求，撤銷一名聯邦法官要求暫停該地區邊境牆施工的命令；由一個環保團體及其他挑戰者針對該工程提起的訴訟仍在進行。The court granted the administration's emergency request to lift a federal judge's order halting the border wall's construction in the region while a lawsuit against the project brought by an environmental group and other challengers plays out.

這位共和黨籍總統長期宣稱，在美墨邊境沿線興建或強化屏障，是他全面限制移民政策的標誌性一環。The Republican president has long touted building or reinforcing barriers along the US-Mexico border ‌as ⁠a signature part of his sweeping restrictions on immigration.

但川普政府推動將邊境基礎設施延伸進這座位於艾爾帕索東南方約250英里（400公里）的國家公園，遭到地方官員、保育人士，甚至部分德州共和黨人反對。But his administration's push to extend border infrastructure into the national park, around 250 miles (400 km) southeast of El Paso, has faced opposition from local officials, conservationists and even some Texas Republicans.

法院在簡短裁定中表示：「政府的利益」高於「被告所主張的任何美學、遊憩及環境損害」。"The government's interest," the court said in its brief ruling, "outweighs any aesthetic, recreational and environmental harm alleged by respondents."

最高法院由保守派占6比3多數，自由派大法官凱坦吉・布朗・傑克森（Ketanji Brown Jackson）是唯一公開對這項決定表達異議的成員。Liberal Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson was the only member of the court, which has a 6-3 conservative majority, to publicly dissent from the decision.

這起訴訟由生物多樣性中心（Center for Biological Diversity）、一名大彎曲地區的河流嚮導，以及一個尋求保存德州魯伊多薩一座歷史教堂的團體提起；該團體表示，這座脆弱的土坯結構教堂受到邊境工程威脅。The lawsuit was brought by the Center for Biological Diversity, a Big Bend-area river guide and a group seeking to preserve a historic church in Ruidosa, Texas, that says its fragile adobe structure is threatened by the border construction.

原告對美國國土安全部發布的一系列豁免提出挑戰。這些豁免旨在加速大彎曲地區道路與屏障的建設，避開多項環境及保育法律的適用。The plaintiffs challenged a series of waivers issued by the US Department of Homeland Security to expedite construction of roads and barriers in the Big Bend region, avoiding the application of a variety of environmental and conservation laws.

這些豁免是依據一項1996年聯邦法律發布，該法律旨在便利於南部邊境非法越境高發地區興建屏障。The waivers were issued under a 1996 federal law aimed at facilitating the construction of barriers in areas of high illegal crossings at the southern border.

在週一裁定中，最高法院表示，本案涉及的法律很可能排除對訴訟中所提主張的司法審查。In Monday's ruling, the Supreme Court said the law at issue likely precludes judicial review of the claims brought in the lawsuit.

生物多樣性中心全國公共土地倡議人士萊肯・喬達爾（Laiken Jordahl）表示：「川普政府及其承包商執意要摧毀美國最偉大的國家公園之一，而最高法院剛剛給了他們綠燈。」"The Trump administration and its contractors are hellbent on destroying one of America's greatest national parks, and the Supreme Court just gave them the green light," said Laiken Jordahl, the Center for Biological Diversity's national public lands advocate.

喬達爾表示：「這項可怕的決定為承包商開路，讓他們可以在法院甚至尚未裁定這種破壞是否合法前，就用推土機剷平原始沙漠、炸毀峽谷岩壁。」他並補充說，最高法院是在「批准永久破壞德州最荒野之地」。"This horrific decision clears the way for contractors to bulldoze pristine desert and dynamite canyon walls before the courts have even decided whether this destruction is legal," Jordahl said, adding that the Supreme Court is "signing off on the permanent destruction of the wildest place in Texas."

「非法入境高發」'HIGH ILLEGAL ENTRY'

國土安全部長馬克韋恩・穆林（Markwayne Mullin）及其前任克莉絲蒂・諾姆（Kristi Noem）均為川普任命的人士，他們在2月至7月間發布這些豁免時，認定該地區是「非法入境高發地區」，需要增設屏障以管控邊境。Homeland Security Secretary Markwayne Mullin and his predecessor Kristi Noem, Trump appointees who issued the waivers between February and July, found the region to be an "area of high illegal entry," requiring additional barriers to control the border.

政府還表示，邊境官員已在該地區查獲大量毒品，且販毒集團在該地區以南的墨西哥境內活動。The administration also said that border officials have seized massive quantities of drugs in the region and that cartels operate south of the region in Mexico.

政府表示，在綿延超過300英里（480公里）的大彎曲區段，大部分工程將在私人土地上進行。政府表示，大彎曲國家公園將設置17英里（27公里）不連續的車輛屏障系統，但不會設置計畫在其他地區興建的那種30英尺（9公尺）高行人屏障。The administration said that most of the construction in the Big Bend sector, spanning more than 300 miles (480 km), will take place on privately owned land. Big Bend National Park would get a 17-mile (27-km) noncontiguous vehicle barrier system but not the kind of 30-foot (9-meter) pedestrian barrier that is slated for other areas, according to the administration.

8月，在這項工程因可能影響公園景觀和野生動物而引發跨黨派批評後，政府暫停了大彎曲的施工。施工人員先前已開始在公園內為道路和邊境安全基礎設施清地，引發抗議，並促使外界提起訴訟尋求叫停工程。In August, the administration paused construction in Big Bend after the project drew bipartisan ‌criticism over its potential impact on the park's landscape and wildlife. Crews had begun clearing land in the park for roads and border security infrastructure, prompting protests and lawsuits seeking to halt the work.

「具有生態與文化重要性」'ECOLOGICALLY AND CULTURALLY SIGNIFICANT'

挑戰者表示，若沒有這些豁免，該工程若要改變「美國最偏遠且最具生態與文化重要性的景觀之一」，就必須遵守包括《瀕危物種法》、《國家環境政策法》及《國家歷史保存法》在內的眾多法律。Absent the waivers, the project would have to comply with numerous laws including the Endangered Species Act, the National Environmental Policy Act and the National Historic Preservation Act to alter the landscape in "one of the most remote and ecologically and culturally significant landscapes in the United States," according to the challengers.

他們主張，穆林與諾姆發布這些豁免超越了權限，包括違反所謂「重大問題」原則；最高法院曾依此原則認定，除非國會明確授權，否則行政部門不得採取具有「重大經濟與政治意義」的行動。They claimed that Mullin and Noem exceeded their authority in issuing the waivers, including by running afoul of the so-called "major questions" doctrine, which the Supreme Court has used to invalidate executive branch actions of "vast economic and political significance" unless Congress clearly authorized them.

最高法院曾運用這項原則阻擋民主黨籍前總統喬・拜登（Joe Biden）的部分關鍵行政作為，但也在2月以此推翻川普的全球關稅，對川普而言是一項重大挫敗。The Supreme Court used the doctrine to stymie some of Democratic former President Joe Biden's key executive actions, but also in February to strike down Trump's global tariffs — a major loss for him.

10月，位於艾爾帕索的美國聯邦地區法官凱瑟琳・卡多內（Kathleen Cardone）阻止了政府的工程。In October, US District Judge Kathleen Cardone in El Paso blocked the administration's project.

卡多內認定，這些豁免缺乏國會明確授權，並違反重大問題原則；她並指出，大彎曲在整個邊境沿線的移民逮捕率遠遠最低。Cardone found that the waivers lacked clear congressional authorization and violated the major questions doctrine, noting that Big Bend has, by far, the lowest rate of migrant apprehensions along the entire border.

這名法官表示：「因此，如果大彎曲區段是非法入境高發地區，那麼其他每一個區段也是如此，而豁免權限就會適用於整條美墨邊境。」"Therefore, if the Big Bend Sector is an area of high illegal entry, so is every other sector, and the waiver authority would apply to the entire US-Mexico border," the judge said.

司法部告訴最高法院，卡多內的裁定毫無根據。The Justice Department told the Supreme Court that Cardone's ruling was baseless.

政府在一份文件中表示：「部長的豁免權限反映出國會作出極為明確、無可爭議有效的明文授權，行政部門數十年來一直運用這項授權加速邊境牆建設。」"The secretary's waiver authority reflects a crystal-clear, indisputably valid express delegation from Congress that the executive has used for decades to expedite border-wall construction," the administration said in a filing.

（Andrew Chung紐約報導；Will Dunham編輯）(Reporting by Andrew Chung in New York; Editing by Will Dunham)